The History of Olive Trees

The history of olive trees dates back thousands of years. With findings traced to 39,000 years ago, olive trees have a history as ancient as humanity itself. According to one legend, Homer, the Ionian author of The Iliad and The Odyssey, leaned against a tree on the Aegean coast. The tree is said to have proclaimed, “I belong to everyone yet to no one. I was here before you, and I will remain after you.” Hence, it became known as the “immortal tree.” Another story recounts how the dove sent by Noah returned with an olive branch, signifying the establishment of peace and order. Since then, olive trees and branches have been symbols of peace.

In ancient Egypt, olive trees were used for healing, while in Ancient Greek culture, they held significant importance, encapsulated by the phrase Oleaprimaomniumarborumest – “The olive tree is the first among all trees.” In all sacred beliefs, the olive tree is considered a divine gift to humanity, symbolizing sanctity, abundance, justice, health, pride, victory, prosperity, wisdom, purification, and rebirth—essentially embodying the highest virtues and values for humankind.

The History of Olive Trees in Turkey

In Turkey, the culture of olive cultivation notably developed during the Republican period. The first significant step was taken in 1939, with the enactment of laws protecting olive trees. Subsequently, agricultural engineers were even sent to Italy, the homeland of olives, for training. Today, Turkey ranks 4th among olive-producing countries globally, with over 1 million tons of olive production annually. Approximately 9% of the world’s olive trees—around 160 million—are found in Turkey.

Additionally, a report by the Marmara Birlik Academy indicates that, as of 2013, 185,796 families in Turkey earned their livelihood from olive farming. This number has increased over the past few years. Olive cultivation is most prominent in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions, where countless families depend on the “immortal tree” for their livelihood. The olive tree, with its significant contribution to the ecosystem, is a priceless asset to Turkey.

Contributions of Olive Trees to Nature and Humanity

The benefits of olive trees are countless. Here are some highlights:

• Olive trees can thrive in arid lands, are non-selective about soil types, and grow without requiring chemical treatments. Although they prefer fertile lands, they are highly drought-resistant.
• Research by the Agricultural Research Organization in Israel has identified olive trees as suitable for desertified areas.
• Their resistance to chemical treatments makes them preferable for health and cosmetic industries. They also contribute to climate stability and can live for hundreds of years, earning them the title of “immortal tree.”
• Olive oil, often called “liquid gold,” is extracted from its fruit and known for its numerous health benefits. Its leaves are used in cosmetics and tea production, while its fruit graces dining tables. From its leaves to its fruit, the olive tree is a treasure trove of benefits for human health, aiding cardiovascular systems, skin health, digestion, and much more.

Current Legislation and Proposed Changes

The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources proposed a draft amendment to the “Electricity Market Law” and the “Law No. 3573 on the Rehabilitation of Olive Cultivation and Grafting of Wild Trees.” Article 4 of this draft introduces a provision allowing facilities to be established in olive fields with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry’s approval.

If enacted, olive groves smaller than 25 decares would lose their “olive grove” status and be treated as ordinary land. These areas could be used for energy and construction projects if deemed in the “public interest.” Turkey, the world’s fourth-largest olive producer, has over 160 million olive trees and approximately 500,000 producers. With most Turkish olive groves averaging 10 decares, the proposed law does not recognize these smaller plots as olive groves.

Currently, Article 20 of Law No. 3573 states:
“Within and within at least 3 kilometers of olive groves, no facilities can be established or operated that emit chemical waste, dust, or smoke harmful to the vegetative or generative growth of olives, except for olive oil factories. Any small-scale agricultural industry facilities must have the Ministry of Agriculture’s approval. Olive grove areas cannot be reduced.”

Under the proposed amendment, “public interest” could justify mining activities and other uses like oil and natural gas operations, geothermal projects, defense-related activities, infrastructure, and electricity generation in olive groves.

What Lies Ahead?

The proposed law, allowing mining and energy investments in olive groves smaller than 25 decares, has sparked widespread opposition. With Parliament in recess, the olive groves’ fate has been deferred to the next legislative session.

In conclusion, we must remember the importance of protecting olive trees, which are central to our cuisine, health, cosmetics, and cultural heritage. Preserving these trees as a legacy for future generations is essential for maintaining their invaluable contributions to our environment and way of life.

Av. Şefik ZİROĞLU – Intern Lawyer Selin Umutlu